Grammar — Particles

Particles are words that have no grammatical ending. It is possible at times to put an ending on one, but then it becomes one of the other parts of speech. Here are the various types of particle:

la The definite article (“the”). Esperanto has no indefinite article like “a/an” in English.

ol The word for “than”, used in comparisons

pronouns Though pronouns are technically particles, they are treated separately.

prepositions Like prepositions in English, en (in), sur (on), inter (between), etc.

conjunctions Like conjunctions in English, kaj (and), aŭ (or), etc. The word ke (that) is the subordinating conjunction.

numerals Numbers that are a whole multiple of a million are nouns. All other numbers are numerals, a separate part of speech

primitive
adverbs Words that are adverbs, but don’t have the usual −e ending of adverbs, such as plu (further), ajn (at all), ambaŭ (both), etc.

affixes prefixes and suffixes, which almost never stand as words on their own, but are added to words to modify their meanings.

interjections Interjections, either primitive (not derived from other words), like Ho! (Oh!); or derived, like Fek! (Crap!), from the noun feko (defecation), by trimming it down to its basic root.

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(Ĝisdatigita 14 majo 2003)

la	The definite article (“the”). Esperanto has no indefinite article like “a/an” in English.
ol	The word for “than”, used in comparisons
pronouns	Though pronouns are technically particles, they are treated separately.
prepositions	Like prepositions in English, en (in), sur (on), inter (between), etc.
conjunctions	Like conjunctions in English, kaj (and), aŭ (or), etc. The word ke (that) is the subordinating conjunction.
numerals	Numbers that are a whole multiple of a million are nouns. All other numbers are numerals, a separate part of speech
primitive adverbs	Words that are adverbs, but don’t have the usual −e ending of adverbs, such as plu (further), ajn (at all), ambaŭ (both), etc.
affixes	prefixes and suffixes, which almost never stand as words on their own, but are added to words to modify their meanings.
interjections	Interjections, either primitive (not derived from other words), like Ho! (Oh!); or derived, like Fek! (Crap!), from the noun feko (defecation), by trimming it down to its basic root.